Complete guide to Soulful Sounds of the Iranian Drums: Daf, Tombak & Azeri Dayereh

Iranian music boasts a rich tapestry of melodies, further enhanced by the captivating sounds of the hand-played Iranian drum. These drum instruments, with a history dating back centuries, come in various forms, each contributing unique rhythms to the vibrant musical landscape of Iran. Dive deeper to explore the three main types: Daf, Tombak, and Azeri Dayereh.

3 Main Iranian Drum: What is it, History & How to Play

There are three main types of Iranian drum instruments. These are as follows:

1. Daf: Unveiling Iran’s First Essential Drum

The Daf is an Iranian drum instrument in the Middle East. It’s been around for a long time, but its basic design hasn’t changed much. Even though it looks similar to other round drums held by hand, the Daf has some features. It’s made of a wooden frame with a goat or sheep skin stretched tight across the top. There are also small metal rings built into the frame. These rings jingle when playing Daf and add a unique sound.

Iranian musicians have skillfully incorporated the Daf into Persian music, including its use in Sufi spiritual chanting ceremonies. Typically, the Daf is played left-handed (for right-handed players).

History of Daf

The Daf has a rich history of thousands of years. It’s one of the oldest musical instruments played in Iran and surrounding countries. With its simple design and powerful sound, the Daf plays in religious ceremonies and celebrations.

Playing the Daf

There are four main techniques used to play the Daf:

• “Tom”
• “Bak” for the right hand,
• and “Chap” and “Zanjir” for the left hand.

These techniques create a wide variety of Persian rhythms and tones.

The Daf Today

The Daf is still widely used in classical orchestras with an oriental touch. In some countries like Greece, Armenia, and Turkey, it’s not uncommon to see Daf players at musical performances. The Daf’s unique sound adds a beautiful “eastern spice” to these countries’ pop, folk, and traditional music.

2. Tombak: Heart of Iranian Drum

The Tombak (or Tonbak), the Persian Tombak or Zarb drum, is the most commonly played Iranian drum instrument in folk music and classical music. This wooden goblet drum, known for its unique sound and adaptability, can be played in different musical genres, from classical to modern.

A Rich History of Tombak

The Iranian Tombak or Zarb drum played in religious contexts. Over time, it evolved into the heart of the rhythm section and a vital part of classical Persian music.

The ongoing innovation of new playing styles and te

chniques by accomplished musicians has continuously developed the Persian musical instrument. Notably, Hossein Tehrani, a renowned musician in the early 1900s, standardized Tombak playing techniques and even created the instrument’s notation system.

Playing Tombak

Playing the Tombak requires significant skill and practice. It’s played with the hands and fingers, utilizing various techniques and hand positions. The hand holds the rhythm, while the other provides additional embellishments and fills.

• Two main Persian drum beats play on the Tombak:
• Tom: Tom refers to the bass tone played near the center of the playing surface.
• Bak: Bak produces a high-pitched tone played on the hoop.

The Tombak can be positioned on the lap, hung horizontally from the neck or shoulder, or held under the arms.

Today Tombak

Despite its ancient origins, the Tombak remains a relevant instrument in today’s music scene. Its versatility allows its incorporation into various genres beyond traditional Persian music. The instrument’s captivating Persian rhythms and unique sounds continue to attract musicians worldwide.

3. Azeri Dayereh

The Azeri Dayereh, a medium-sized frame Iranian drum, is a popular instrument in Iran and surrounding regions. It’s used in the traditional music of Azerbaijan, the Caucasus Mountains, the Balkans, and Central Asian countries like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, even finding its way to the music of the Bukharian Jews.

The basic construction of the Azeri Dayereh is quite simple. A wooden frame is used as the base and a leather cover.

A Rich History of Azeri Dayereh

The Dayereh boasts a rich history that stretches back centuries. This percussion instrument, known by various names depending on the region, is instantly recognizable by its unique sound. The rhythmic patterns played on the Dayereh can even identify the specific type, such as the Azeri Dayereh.

Azeri Dayereh is played in religious ceremonies and celebrations, and the Dayereh’s design has evolved. Changes include the materials used and the decorative style. For example, in the past, animal skin was stretched and nailed onto a wooden frame, often incorporating cymbals. Today, synthetic leather is a common alternative due to its availability.

Playing Azeri Dayereh

The Dayereh, a two-handed drum, creates captivating sounds. Players hold it with their left hand and strike different areas for varied tones: edges with the left hand, center with the right. A finger-snapping technique on the right hand creates sharp sounds.

Navasaz Academy: Master the Art of Iranian Drum (Tombak, Daf, Dayereh)

The Navasaz Academy provides comprehensive music instruction, both in-person and virtually. We offer one-on-one and group classes, led by our instructors Ali Massoudi and Padideh Ahrarnejad. Additionally, you can find a variety of high-quality Iranian musical instruments here at Navasaz.

FAQ | Iranian Drum

What is the Iranian drum?

The Iranian drum is a hand-played percussion instrument with a rich history. These instruments are made from animal skins. They come in a wide variety and are used in various musical styles across Iran.

What are the different types of Persian drums?

The three main types of Persian drums are Daf, Tombak, and Azeri Dayereh.

What kind of music are Persian instruments used in?

Persian drums are used in traditional and modern music genres in Iran, including folk, classical, and even popular music.

Where can I learn more about the Iranian drum?

Navasaz Academy, a music school specializing in Iranian instruments, is led by instructors Ali Massoudi and Padideh Ahrarnejad in Toronto.